Concentric fiber for space-division multiplexed optical communications and method of use

ABSTRACT

A space-division multiplexed optical fiber includes a relatively high refractive index optical core region surrounded by alternating regions of relatively low and relative high refractive index material, forming concentric high index rings around the core. The optical core region supports propagation of light along at least a first radial mode associated with the optical core region and a high index ring region supports propagation of light along at least a second radial mode associated with the high index ring region. The second radial mode is different from the first radial mode.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 15/996,018,filed Jun. 1, 2018, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,567,080, whichclaims the benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 62/514,581, filedJun. 2, 2017, which applications are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed to optical communications,and more specifically to improved methods of increasing the informationtransmission capacity for a single fiber.

Historically, several steps have been taken to improve the informationtransmission bandwidth in single mode fiber (SMF) optical communicationssystems, which are typically used for transmitting information overdistances of a kilometer or more. Low transmission loss silica fiberswere developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, permitting the use ofsilica fibers over greater distances. The advent of erbium-doped fiberamplifiers (EDFAs), providing amplification for signals around 1550 nm,permitted the transmission of signals over even greater distances, whilethe introduction of wavelength division multiplexing/demultiplexing(WDM) extended the bandwidth of silica fibers by permitting a singlemode silica fiber to carry different optical signals at differentwavelengths. Optical communication systems have further benefitted fromthe introduction of advanced techniques such as polarizationmultiplexing and higher order modulation schemes to increase spectralefficiency (bits/s/Hz). However, current SMF optical transmissionsystems are now approaching their intrinsic capacity limits, and it isexpected that they will be unable to meet future capacity requirements.

One approach being considered for increasing fiber capacity is spacedivision multiplexing (SDM), in which different optical signals arephysically (spatially) separated from each other within the same fiber.One particular implementation of SDM is to use a multi-core fiber (MCF),in which a number of different single-mode cores are contained withinthe same cladding material, laterally separated from each other withinthe cladding. An important issue for MCF is that crosstalk between coresor modes increases with transmission distance, and/or arises due tobends and fiber imperfections. Extensive digital signal processing is,therefore, needed to perform channel characterization and cope with thecrosstalk in a fashion similar to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)transmission in radio systems. Furthermore, it is difficult andexpensive to manufacture optical fibers having multiple cores within asingle cladding. Furthermore, connectivity of the MCF is complicatedbecause the multiple cores require precise rotational alignment of thefiber end about the fiber axis in order for the cores to be aligned.

Another proposed implementation of SDM relies on a fiber having a singlecore with a diameter that is larger than required for single-modeoperation and which supports the propagation of a small number of modes.This fiber is referred to as a few-mode fiber (FMF). In a perfectlystraight and circularly symmetric fiber, the modal electromagneticfields do not interact in the sense that the power carried by each moderemains unchanged as the total electromagnetic field propagates in thefiber, thus theoretically each mode can act as an independenttransmission channel. However, due to fiber imperfections and/or bends,a mode couples power to other modes, predominantly to those that havesimilar propagation coefficients. Over long distances, the optical poweris likely to be distributed over multiple modes. This can beproblematic, however, because a mode couples to a specific linearcombination of all FMF modes, and the excitation of another mode couplesto a linear combination of all FMF modes that is still orthogonal. Withthe aid of digital signal processing, the original signals can thusstill be recovered. The refractive index profile of a typical FMF has aparabolic shape in the core region, to mitigate differential mode delay,i.e., to assure that the arrival times of all the modes are verysimilar. This relaxes the requirements on the size of the digital signalprocessor (DSP) required for signal analysis at the receiver.

Another proposed implementation of SDM relies on optical angularmomentum (OAM) multiplexing in a fiber. Difficulties with this approachinclude the implementation of mode (de)multiplexers having high modeselectivity and avoiding the 1/N insertion loss associated with cascadedbeam splitters.

Accordingly, there is a need for improved methods of implementing SDMthat can reduce the effects of the problems discussed above.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the invention is directed to an optical fiber that hasa relatively high refractive index optical core region formed ofmaterial having a first refractive index, a first low index regionsurrounding the optical core region and formed from a material having asecond refractive index lower than the first refractive index, a firsthigh index ring region surrounding the first low index region and formedof a material having a third refractive index higher than the secondrefractive index, and a second low index region surrounding the firsthigh index region and formed from a material having a fourth refractiveindex lower than the third refractive index. The optical core regionsupports propagation of light along at least a first radial modeassociated with the optical core region and the first high index ringregion supports propagation of light along at least a second radial modeassociated with the first high index ring region, the second radial modebeing different from the first radial mode.

In some embodiments the first and third refractive indices are the same,while in others the first refractive index is greater than the thirdrefractive index. In some embodiments the second and fourth refractiveindices are the same.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method ofcommunicating that includes generating a first optical signal andgenerating a second optical signal. The method also includes providing aconcentric spatial division multiplexed (SDM) fiber having a core formedof a first material having a first relatively high refractive indexmaterial and a first high index ring formed around the core of a secondmaterial having a second relatively high refractive index, the core andthe first high index ring being separated by a ring of third materialhaving a third refractive index lower than the first relatively highrefractive index and lower than the second relatively high refractiveindex. The first optical signal is transmitted into a first mode of theconcentric SDM fiber propagating substantially along the core. Thesecond optical signal is transmitted into a second mode of theconcentric SDM fiber propagating substantially along the first highindex ring. The first optical signal is detected, after propagatingalong the concentric SDM fiber, substantially free of the second opticalsignal. The second optical signal is detected, after propagating alongthe concentric SDM fiber, substantially free of the first opticalsignal.

The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describeeach illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the presentinvention. The figures and the detailed description which follow moreparticularly exemplify these embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of thefollowing detailed description of various embodiments of the inventionin connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an opticalcommunications system that uses space division multiplexing to propagateoptical communications signals along a single optical fiber in differentconcentric fiber modes;

FIGS. 2A and 2B schematically illustrate an exemplary circularlysymmetric, radial refractive index profile as used in an embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIGS. 3A and 3B schematically illustrate another exemplary circularlysymmetric, radial refractive index profile as used in another embodimentof the present invention;

FIGS. 4A and 4B schematically illustrate another exemplary circularlysymmetric, radial refractive index profile as used in another embodimentof the present invention;

FIGS. 5A-5G illustrate the results of computations showing the modaloptical power present in an SDM fiber having concentric cores accordingto an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 6A-6H illustrate results of computations showing the optical powerin various modes in an exemplary high confinement SDM fiber havingconcentric cores according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A-7H illustrate results of computations showing the optical powerin various modes in an exemplary low confinement SDM fiber havingconcentric cores according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8A shows three exemplary refractive index profiles for i) afew-mode fiber, ii) a high confinement SDM fiber having concentric coresaccording to an embodiment of the present invention and iii) a lowconfinement SDM fiber having concentric cores according to anotherembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8B shows calculated group and relative phase velocities for modesof the fibers having the refractive index profiles shown in FIG. 8A; and

FIG. 9 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an optical lanternuseful for multiplexing/demultiplexing optical signals into and out of aconcentric SDM fiber according to the present invention.

While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternativeforms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in thedrawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood,however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to theparticular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling withinthe spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is directed to an approach to space divisionmultiplexing (SDM) that makes use of concentric ring cores. Where therings are separated relatively far away from each other and/or therefractive index difference between a ring and the cladding issufficiently large, the modal electromagnetic fields are relativelystrongly bound to the individual rings. The modal fields bound to aparticular ring may constitute an independent transmission channel. Themultitude of modal fields that may exist for a particular ring canfacilitate space division multiplexing to be employed on a ring level.Since the concentric ring cores can be implemented in a circularlysymmetric geometry, connectivity of such a fiber is simpler than with amultiple core fiber (MCF), which requires rotational alignment about thefiber axis to ensure that the cores are aligned with their respectivemates.

In other cases, where the rings are located closer together, and/or therefractive index difference between the ring and the cladding is lower,the modal electromagnetic fields may span more than one ring. Such adesign may be used in a fashion similar to that of a few-mode fiber(FMF). The propagation coefficients of the modes of the concentric ringfiber may have better isolation than in an FMF, making the modal powerdistribution less sensitive to micro and/or macro bending. Under somecircumstances, the modal group velocities for this design may havelarger variations than in an FMF, but this is unlikely to pose problemsfor shorter optical communication channels.

An exemplary embodiment of an optical communication system 100 isschematically illustrated in FIG. 1. The optical communication system100 generally has a transmitter portion 102, a receiver portion 104, anda fiber optic portion 106. The fiber optic portion 106 is coupledbetween the transmitter portion 102 and the receiver portion 104 fortransmitting an optical signal from the transmitter portion 102 to thereceiver portion 104.

In this embodiment, the optical communication system 100 is of a spacedivision multiplexing (SDM) design. Optical signals are generated withinthe transmitter portion 102 and are combined into different modes of aconcentric SDM optical fiber 128 in the optical fiber portion 106 to thereceiver portion 104 where the signals that propagated along differentfiber modes are spatially separated and directed to respectivedetectors. The illustrated embodiment shows an optical communicationsystem 100 that spatially multiplexes four different signals, althoughit will be appreciated that optical communications systems may spatiallymultiplex different number of signals, e.g. two, three or more thanfour.

Transmitter portion 102 has multiple transmitter units 108, 110, 112,114 producing respective optical signals 116, 118, 120, 122. The opticalcommunication system 100 may operate at any useful wavelength, forexample in the range 800-950 nm, or over other wavelength ranges, suchas 1250 nm-1350 nm, 1500 nm-1600 nm, or 1600 nm-1650 nm. Eachtransmitter unit 108, 110, 112, 114 is coupled to the optical fibersystem 106 via a space division multiplexer 124, which directs theoptical signals 116, 118, 120, 122 into respective modes of a concentricSDM optical fiber 128 of the optical fiber system 106.

The multi-mode optical signal 126 propagates along the optical fibersystem 106 to the receiver portion 104, where it is split by the spacedivision demultiplexer 130 into the optical signals 116, 118, 120, 122corresponding to the different modes of the concentric SDM optical fiber128 that were excited by light from the space division multiplexer 124.Thus, according to this embodiment, the transmitter unit 108 produces anoptical signal 116, which is transmitted via a first mode of theconcentric SDM optical fiber 128 to the receiver unit 132, thetransmitter unit 110 produces an optical signal 118 which is transmittedvia a second mode of the concentric SDM optical fiber 128 to thereceiver unit 134, the transmitter unit 112 produces an optical signal120, which is transmitted via a third mode of the concentric SDM opticalfiber 128 to the receiver unit 136, and the transmitter unit 114produces an optical signal 122 which is transmitted via a fourth mode ofthe concentric SDM optical fiber 128 to the receiver unit 138, with allof the optical signals 116, 118, 120, 122 propagating along the sameoptical fiber 128. In this manner, the optical signal 116 may bedetected at receiver unit 132 substantially free of optical signals 118,120 and 122, the optical signal 118 may be detected at receiver unit 134substantially free of optical signals 116, 120 and 122, the opticalsignal 120 may be detected at receiver unit 136 substantially free ofoptical signals 116, 118 and 122, and the optical signal 122 may bedetected at receiver unit 138 substantially free of optical signals 116,118 and 120.

Furthermore, in many optical communications systems there are opticalsignals propagating in both directions along an optical fiber. Thispossibility is indicated in FIG. 1, where the optical signals aredesignated with double-headed arrows. In such a case, the transmitterunits and receiver units may be replaced by transceiver units thatgenerate and receive signals that propagate along a particular mode ofthe concentric SDM fiber 128. In other embodiments, there may be aseparate transmitter unit and receiver unit for a signal at each end ofthe optical fiber system 106.

In addition, a signal from a transmitter need not be restricted to onlyone wavelength. For example, one or more of the transmitter units 108,110, 112 and 114 may produce respective wavelength division multiplexedsignals 116, 118, 120, 122 that propagate along respective modes of theconcentric SDM optical fiber 128. In such a case, the receiver units132, 134, 136 and 138 may each be equipped with wavelength divisiondemultiplexing units so that the optical signal at one specificwavelength can be detected independently from the optical signals atother wavelengths.

A concentric SDM fiber is an optical fiber that contains two or moreconcentric rings of material having a higher refractive index that theimmediately surrounding material. The refractive index profile of oneembodiment of a concentric SDM fiber is shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG.2A shows the refractive index as a function of radial position from thecenter of the fiber, while FIG. 2B shows the refractive index of across-sectional profile of the fiber. In this embodiment, there is acentral core 202 of material having a relatively high refractive index,n1. The central core 202 is surrounded by a first ring of low indexmaterial 204, having a relatively low refractive index, rid. The firstring of low index material 204 is surrounded by a first ring ofrelatively high index material 206 having a relatively high refractiveindex, n1. The first ring of relatively high index material 206 issurrounded by material having a relatively low index 208, with arefractive index of n_(cl).

The concentric SDM fiber is not restricted to having only two concentricportions of high index material, nor is the refractive index of the highindex portions of material restricted to being the same for each highindex portion. For example, in the refractive index profiles for theembodiment of concentric SDM fiber shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, there arethree portions of relatively high refractive index material, a centralcore 302 and two concentric rings 306, 310, interspersed with portionsof material having a relatively low refractive index 304, 308, 312. Inthis embodiment, the refractive index of the low index portions 304,308, 312 is rid. The refractive index of the central core 302 is n1, therefractive index of the first high index ring 306 is n2, which is lessthan n1 but greater than n_(cl), and the refractive index of the secondhigh index ring 310 is n3, which is less than n2, but greater than n′1.

The concentric SDM fiber is not restricted to having only two or threeconcentric portions of high refractive index material, and may includefour or more. Furthermore, the low refractive index portions need notall have the same refractive index. For example, in the refractive indexprofiles of concentric SDM fiber shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the centralcore 402 has a refractive index of n1 and the first high index ring 406has a refractive index of n2, which is less than n1. The innermost lowindex region 404 has a refractive index of n_(cl1) and the low indexregion 408 outside the first high index ring 406 has a refractive indexof n_(cl2), which need not be the same as n_(cl1). In the illustratedembodiment, the value of n_(cl2) is less than n_(cl1), although in someembodiments it may be greater than n_(cl1).

A concentric SDM fiber can be made using known processes for providing adesired refractive index profile in an optical fiber, including chemicalvapor deposition techniques such modified chemical vapor deposition(MCVD) or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PCVD), or processesdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,046, incorporated herein by reference.

In the embodiment of concentric SDM fiber described in FIGS. 2A and 2B,the core region 202 has a refractive index of 1.452 and a radius of 4μm, the first low index region has an index of 1.447 and is present inthe radial region 4 μm to 8 μm from the fiber center. The high indexring 206 has a refractive index the same as the core region 202 and islocated between 8 μm and 10 μm from the fiber center. The outer lowindex region 208 has the same refractive index as the first low indexregion 204 and is located at a radial distance of more than 10 μm fromthe fiber center. Thus, the refractive index difference between the highand low index regions of this embodiment of fiber is 0.005.

In the embodiment of concentric SDM fiber described in FIGS. 3A and 3B,the core region 302 has a refractive index of 1.452 and has a radius of4 μm. The first low index ring 304 is located at a radius of between 4μm and 8 μm and has a refractive index of 1.447. The first high indexring 306 has a refractive index of 1.451 and is located at a radius ofbetween 8 μm and 10 μm. The second low index ring 308 has the samerefractive index as the first low index ring 304 and is located at aradius of between 10 μm and 15 μm. The third high index ring 310 has arefractive index of 1.449 and is located between a radius of 15 μm and16 μm. The third low index region 312 has the same refractive index asthe first low index ring 304 and is located at a radial distance of morethan 16 Thus the refractive index difference between the high index core302 and the first low index ring 304 is 0.005, while the refractiveindex difference between the first high index ring 306 and the low indexmaterial 304, 308 is 0.004, and the refractive index difference betweenthe second high index ring 310 and the low index material 308, 312 is0.002.

In the embodiment of the concentric SDM fiber described in FIGS. 4A and4B, the core region 402 has a refractive index of 1.452 and a radius of4 μm. The first low index ring 404 has a refractive index of 1.448 andis located at a radial distance of 4 μm to 8 μm. The first high indexring 406 has a refractive index of 1.451 and is located radially between8 μm and 10 μm. The second low index region is located at a radialdistance of more than 10 μm and has a refractive index of 1.447. Thusthe refractive index between the high index core region 402 and thefirst low index ring 404 is 0.004 and the average refractive indexdifference between the first high index ring 406 and the surrounding lowindex regions 404, 408 is given by n1−((n_(cl1)+n_(cl12))/2)=0.004.

The invention is not restricted to the embodiments of concentric SDMoptical fibers described in FIGS. 2A-2B, 3A-3B and 4A-4B, either to thevalues of refractive index for the various portions of the fiber, andthe concomitant refractive index differences between adjacent fiberregions, nor to the specific radii of the various fiber regions. Thevalues of refractive index used in the examples shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B,3A, 3B, 4A and 4B are for light at a wavelength of 1550 nm, although itwill be appreciated that other values of refractive index may be usedfor this wavelength or for other wavelengths. These values for theillustrated embodiments should be taken as illustrative only.Furthermore, in the illustrated embodiments there is a step change inthe refractive index between adjacent fiber regions. This is notintended to be a limitation of the invention, and it is understood thatthe change in refractive index between regions may take place over anon-zero range of radius within an optical fiber. The step index changesshown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A and 4B are intended for illustrativepurposes only.

FIGS. 5A-5G illustrate results of numerical modeling of optical modespresent in a fiber having two concentric high index regions, similar tothat shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The figures use a different scale for they-coordinate and the x-coordinate, and so may not appear to be circularin nature, even though the calculated mode patterns are circular.

The following parameters were assumed in the model used to produce theillustrated results.

Parameter Value High index core ref. ind. 1.452 High index core outerradius (μm) 4 First low index ring ref. ind. 1.447 First low index ringinner radius (μm) 4 First low index ring outer radius (μm) 8 First highindex ring ref. ind. 1.451 First high index ring inner radius (μm) 8First high index ring outer radius (μm) 10 Second low index ring ref.ind. 1.447 Second low index ring inner radius (μm) 10 Second low indexring outer radius (μm) 13 Third high index ring ref. ind. 1.451 Thirdhigh index ring inner radius (μm) 13 Third high index ring outer radius(μm) 15 Light wavelength (nm) 1310

The modal electromagnetic fields associated with the fiber whosestructure is described in the table above are strongly linearlypolarized due to the relative small contrast in the index of refraction,and hence may be labeled in a fashion similar to the LP modes that arisein a typical multimode fiber having a single core and a cladding, and soreference is made to LP modes to describe the modes arising in theconcentric SDM fiber. FIG. 5A shows the calculated power distribution inthe fundamental mode, which propagates solely in the fiber core region,and may be called an LP₀₁ mode. FIG. 5B shows the calculated powerdistribution in a higher order mode that is circularly symmetric, andwhich carries power in both the inner core and the high indexsurrounding ring. This mode can be referred to as an LP₀₂ mode.

FIGS. 5C and 5D respectively show the power distributions of higherorder modes that occupy both the inner core and first high index ring.These may be referred to as LP₁₂ modes.

FIGS. 5E, 5F and 5G respectively show the power distributions of higherorder modes that are contained solely within the first high index ring.These modes may be referred to as LP₂₁ modes.

Where the concentric rings are sufficiently far apart and/or therefractive index difference between the high index regions and thecladding is sufficiently high, each mode may be effectively confined toa single ring. This may be referred to as high confinement. For example,the optical power in each mode was calculated for the fiber having thefollowing refractive index profile:

Range (μm from fiber center) Refractive index central high index  0-4.06 1.4523 region second high index 10-12 1.4533 region third highindex 20-21 1.4523 region cladding 1.4470

The cladding is the material between the regions of high refractiveindex, e.g. between 4.06 μm and 10 μm, 12 μm and 20 μm and beyond 21 μm.

The power distribution in the fiber is shown for eight modes in FIGS.6A-6H. In each case, the positions of the high index regions aredelineated by red concentric lines. FIG. 6A shows that the fundamentalLP₀₁ mode is confined almost entirely to the central high index region.The LP₀₂ mode is substantially confined to the second high index region,see FIG. 6B, with only a small amount of power in the central high indexregion. The LP₁₁, LP₂₁, and LP₃₁ modes are confined almost entirely tothe second high index region, as seen in FIGS. 6C, 6D and 6Erespectively. Likewise, the LP₀₃, LP₁₂ and LP₂₂ modes are almostentirely confined to the third high index region, as seen in FIGS. 6F,6G and 6H. In some embodiments more than 90% of the power of each LPmode is confined to a single high index region, with less than 10%appearing in another high index region, and preferably less than 5% inanother high index region and more preferably less than 1% in anotherhigh index region.

In other embodiments of the invention, where the regions of high indexare closer together and/or the refractive index difference between highindex regions and the classing is lower, a majority of the optical powercarried by an LP mode can be found in one high index region, while thereis a significant fraction of power carried in another high index region,or the optical power may be shared substantially over two or more highindex regions. Furthermore, some of the optical power may be present inthe cladding between the high index regions. This situation may bereferred to as low confinement. For example, the optical power in eachmode was calculated for the fiber having the following refractive indexprofile:

Range (μm from fiber center) Refractive index central high index  0-4.06 1.4523 region second high index 8.06-10  1.4538 region thirdhigh index 13-15 1.4528 region Cladding 1.4470

The power distribution in the fiber is shown for eight modes in FIGS.7A-7H. FIG. 7A shows that the fundamental LP₀₁ mode is confined almostentirely to the central high index region. The LP₀₂ mode includes powerprimarily in the central high index region and in second high indexregion, see FIG. 7B. The LP₁₁ mode includes power primarily in thesecond high index region, with some also in the third high index region,see FIG. 7C. The LP₂₁ mode includes optical power primarily in thesecond high index region and some also in the third high index region,see FIG. 7D. The LP₄₁ mode has the majority of its optical power in thethird high index region, with some power extending inwards to the secondhigh index region, see FIG. 7E. The LP₀₃ and LP₁₂ modes include opticalpower in the central high index region, the second high index region andthe third high index region, see FIGS. 7F and 7G. The optical power ofthe LP₃₁ mode is primarily in the third high index region and, to alesser extent in the second high index region, but is absent from thecentral high index region.

The different modes in the concentric SDM fiber have respective groupvelocities, which can be calculated using conventional approaches. Groupvelocity dispersion may provide limitations to the bandwidth-distanceproduct of a particular fiber. However, the size and refractive index ofthe various concentric rings may be tuned to minimize group velocitydispersion, as well as to keep the modal fields bound to the fiber. Forexample, the high index core may be limited in radial extent so that itsupports only the LP₀₁ mode, or the first high index ring may be madesufficiently narrow radially that only one radial mode is supported.Thus, limiting the number of radial modes carried by the high index coreor ring reduces bandwidth limitations due to dispersion.

Furthermore, group velocities of mode groups may be made to be somewhatsimilar so that light propagating within a mode group is dispersed lessthan light propagating in different mode groups. Exemplary mode groupvelocities for LP_(ln) modes, where l is the angular index and n is theradial index, are shown below for a fiber with the characteristics ofthe low-confined example provided above:

Group velocity l n (10⁸ m s⁻¹) 0 1 2.06450445089241 0 2 2.064669045744570 3 2.06393351529015 1 1 2.06590901339276 1 2 2.06490135791618 2 12.06546843408278 2 2 2.06433573452656 3 1 2.06505406068231 4 12.06463064549477

It is particularly desirable that values of group velocity, v_(g), areclose together for different modes that propagate along a single ring,so as to reduce modal group velocity dispersion. This might be achieved,for example, by engineering the fiber so that high index rings fartherfrom the fiber center have decreasing or increasing refractive indexvalues, in a manner like that shown in FIG. 3A or FIG. 8A. It is alsopreferred that values of v_(g) in different rings are relatively closetogether so that signals launched into the fiber at the same time aredetected at around the same time.

Another consideration in designing a concentric core fiber is the widthof the concentric ring. If the ring is narrower and/or the refractiveindex difference with the cladding is lower, then the modes will becomeincreasingly poorly confined to the ring. On the other hand, if the ringis too wide, then the ring may support more modes, which may lead tobandwidth limitations due to intermodal dispersion.

A comparison of the group and phase velocities of and FMF with fibers ofthe present invention is discussed with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B.FIG. 8A schematically shows three different fiber refractive indexprofiles, as a function of radial distance from the center of the fiber.The smooth curve 802 represents a parabolic profile as might be found inan FMF. The stepped profile shown with a dashed line represents therefractive index profile of the high confinement fiber discussed abovewith reference to FIGS. 6A-6H, while the stepped profile shown with acontinuous line 806 represents the refractive index profile of the lowconfinement fiber discussed above with reference to FIGS. 7A-7H. Therefractive index profile 802 of the FMF was selected so that itsupported about as many modes as the exemplary concentric ring fiberswith profiles 804 and 806.

FIG. 8B shows a plot of group velocity against phase velocity for themodes of each of the three exemplary fibers. Line 812 shows the phaseand group velocity pairs for the modes of the FMF, whose refractiveindex profile is curve 802 in FIG. 8A. The parenthetical “(2)” besidetwo of the dots on this line indicate that there are two modes whosegroup and phase velocities almost overlap. Line 814 shows the phase andgroup velocity pairs for the modes of the high confinement concentricfiber, whose refractive index profile is curve 804 in FIG. 8A. Line 816shows the phase and group velocity pairs for the modes of the lowconfinement concentric fiber, whose refractive index profile is curve806 in FIG. 8A.

Several modes of the FMF, line 812, are equidistant in phase velocity,particularly at relative phase velocity values above about 1.4475.Furthermore, the relatively flat portion of line 812 at relative phasevelocity values higher than about 1.4485 is indicative of low groupvelocity dispersion resulting from the parabolic nature of the FMFrefractive index profile. For the exemplary concentric fibers, lines 814and 816, the modes have more disparate values of group and phasevelocity, so the modes are more isolated. This is expected to lead toimproved bending performance with less mode mixing, compared to the FMF.

Various suitable types of spatial multiplexer/demultiplexers may be usedto launch the light signals into their respective high index core orring. One approach is to use a photonic lantern, a low-loss opticalwaveguide device that connects a multimode fiber to several fiber coresthat support fewer, typically single, modes. Such devices, described ingreater detail in, e.g., Birks T A et al., “The Photonic Lantern,”Advances in Optics and Photonics, 7 107-167 (2015) (“the Birksarticle”), have been developed for use with few-mode fibers. They arealso suitable for use with the concentric SDM fiber, since theconcentric SDM fiber carries optical modes that are somewhat analogousto the modes supported by a few-mode fiber, but with improved isolationbetween radial modes due to the concentric ring structure of theconcentric SDM fiber.

An exemplary embodiment of a photonic lantern 700 is schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 9. The photonic lantern 700 includes a number ofsingle mode fiber (SMF) cores 702 that are tapered in a taperedtransition region 704 to an SDM core region 706. The positions of thetapered cores 708 at the output end 710 of the SDM core region 706 matchthe positions of the high index core and ring regions at the end of theconcentric SDM fiber, so that light is efficiently transferred betweenthe high index regions of the concentric SDM fiber and the taperedcores. A number of methods of manufacturing a photonic lantern aredescribed in the Birks article, which is incorporated herein byreference.

Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerousstructures to which the present invention may be applicable will bereadily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the presentinvention is directed upon review of the present specification. Forexample, although the examples provided herein describe optical fibershaving refractive index profiles that are circularly symmetric, theinvention also covers fibers whose refractive index profiles areelliptically symmetric, and which may be used for multimode transmissionof light along polarization-preserved channels in the fiber. The claimsare intended to cover such modifications and devices.

As noted above, the present invention is applicable to fiber opticalcommunication and data transmission systems. Accordingly, the presentinvention should not be considered limited to the particular examplesdescribed above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects ofthe invention as fairly set out in the attached claims.

What we claim as the invention is:
 1. A method of communicating,comprising: generating a first optical signal; generating a secondoptical signal; providing a concentric spatial division multiplexed(SDM) fiber having a central core formed of a first material, thecentral core being surrounded by a first concentric core formed of asecond material, the central core and the first concentric core beingseparated by a first cladding ring formed of a third material having arefractive index lower than a refractive index of the first material andlower than a refractive index of the second material; transmitting thefirst optical signal into the core of the concentric SDM fiber via afirst spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer; detecting the first opticalsignal after propagating along the central core of the concentric SDMfiber and through a second spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer;transmitting the second optical signal into the first concentric core ofthe concentric SDM fiber via one of the first spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer and the second spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer; and detecting the second optical signal afterpropagating along the first concentric core of the concentric SDM fiberand through the other of the first spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer andthe second spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer.
 2. The method as recitedin claim 1, wherein transmitting the first optical signal into thecentral core of the concentric SDM fiber comprises transmitting thefirst optical signal into a first end of the concentric SDM fiber andwherein transmitting the second optical signal into the first concentriccore of the concentric SDM fiber comprises transmitting the secondoptical signal into the first end of the concentric SDM fiber.
 3. Themethod as recited in claim 1, wherein transmitting the first opticalsignal into the central core of the concentric SDM fiber comprisestransmitting the first optical signal into a first end of the concentricSDM fiber and wherein transmitting the second optical signal into thefirst concentric core of the concentric SDM fiber comprises transmittingthe second optical signal into a second end of the concentric SDM fiber,different from the first end.
 4. The method as recited in claim 1,wherein the first optical signal is a first wavelength divisionmultiplexed (WDM) optical signal.
 5. The method as recited in claim 1,wherein the second optical signal is a second WDM signal.
 6. The methodas recited in claim 1, wherein transmitting the first optical signalcomprises transmitting the first optical signal into the first spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer and transmitting the first optical signal fromthe first spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer into the central core of theconcentric SDM fiber, and wherein transmitting the second optical signalinto the first concentric core of the concentric SDM fiber comprisestransmitting the second optical signal into the first spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer and transmitting the second optical signalfrom the first spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer into the firstconcentric core of the concentric SDM fiber.
 7. The method as recited inclaim 1, wherein detecting the first optical signal after propagatingalong the central core of the concentric SDM fiber comprisestransmitting the first optical signal from the concentric SDM fiber intothe second spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer and transmitting the firstoptical signal from the second multiplexer/demultiplexer to a firstdetector unit.
 8. The method as recited in claim 7, wherein detectingthe second optical signal after propagating along the first concentriccore of the concentric SDM fiber comprises transmitting the secondoptical signal from the concentric SDM fiber into the second spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer and transmitting the second optical signalfrom the second spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer to a second detectorunit.
 9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the concentric SDMfiber further comprises a second concentric core formed around the firstconcentric core, the second concentric core being separated from thefirst concentric core by a second cladding ring formed of a materialhaving a refractive index less than the refractive index of the firstconcentric core and a refractive index of the second concentric core;and further comprising: generating a third optical signal; transmittingthe third optical signal into the second concentric core of the SDMfiber via one of the first multiplexer/demultiplexer and the secondmultiplexer/demultiplexer; and detecting the third optical signal afterpropagating along the SDM fiber and through the other of the firstmultiplexer/demultiplexer and the second multiplexer/demultiplexer. 10.The method as recited in claim 1, wherein a maximum refractive indexvalue of the central core is greater than a maximum refractive indexvalue of the first concentric core.
 11. The method as recited in claim1, wherein a maximum refractive index value of the central core issimilar to a maximum refractive index value of the first concentriccore.
 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the concentric SDMfiber further comprises a second cladding ring surrounding the firstconcentric core, the second cladding ring having a refractive indexsimilar to the refractive index of the first cladding ring.
 13. Themethod as recited in claim 1, wherein the concentric SDM fiber furthercomprises a second cladding ring surrounding the first concentric core,the second cladding ring having a refractive index less than therefractive index of the first cladding ring.
 14. A method ofcommunicating, comprising: transmitting a first optical signal into afirst core of a concentric space division multiplexed (SDM) fiber via afirst spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer; detecting the first opticalsignal after propagating along the first core of the concentric SDMfiber and through a second spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer;transmitting a second optical signal into a second core of theconcentric SDM fiber via one of the first spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer and the second spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer, the second core surrounding, and beingconcentric to, the first core of the concentric SDM fiber; and detectingthe second optical signal after propagating along the second core of theconcentric SDM fiber and through the other of the first spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer and the second spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer.
 15. The method as recited in claim 14,wherein the first core of the concentric SDM fiber is a central core ofthe concentric SDM fiber and the second core is a first concentric coresurrounding the central core of the concentric SDM fiber.
 16. The methodas recited in claim 14, wherein transmitting the first optical signalcomprises transmitting the first optical signal into the first spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer and passing the first optical signal from thefirst spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer to the first core of theconcentric SDM fiber and wherein transmitting the second optical signalcomprises transmitting the second optical signal into the first spatialmultiplexer/demultiplexer and passing the second optical signal from thefirst spatial multiplexer/demultiplexer to the second core of theconcentric SDM fiber.
 17. The method as recited in claim 14, whereintransmitting the first optical signal into the first core of theconcentric SDM fiber comprises transmitting the first optical signalinto the first core at a first end of the concentric SDM fiber.
 18. Themethod as recited in claim 17, wherein transmitting the second opticalsignal into the second core of the concentric SDM fiber comprisestransmitting the second optical signal into the second core at the firstend of the concentric SDM fiber.
 19. The method as recited in claim 17,wherein transmitting the second optical signal into the second core ofthe concentric SDM fiber comprises transmitting the second opticalsignal into the second core at a second end of the concentric SDM fiberdifferent from the first end.
 20. The method as recited in claim 14,further comprising multiplexing first optical signal components usingwavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to form the first optical signal.